Registered in	Australia
Regulated by	ASIC/FCA/CYSEC
Year(s) of establishment	10-15 years
Trading instruments	Forex, Indices, Stocks, Commodities, Bonds, ETFs
Minimum Initial Deposit	1 USD or equivalent
Maximum Leverage	1:10-1:1000 flexible leverage
Minimum spread	Forex typical spreads from 0.6 pips (EURUSD)
Trading platform	MT4, MT5, Webtrader
Deposit and withdrawal method	bank wire, Skrill, Neteller, VISA, MasterCard, cryptocurrencies, Perfect Money
Customer Service	Email, phone number, live chat
Fraud Complaints Exposure	Yes

It is important to note that the information provided in this review may be subject to change due to the constant updating of the company's services and policies. In addition, the date on which this review was generated may also be an important factor to consider, as information may have changed since then. Therefore, readers are advised to always verify updated information directly with the company before making any decision or taking any action. Responsibility for the use of the information provided in this review rests solely with the reader.

In this review, if there is a conflict between the image and the text content, the text content should prevail. However, we recommend that you open the official website for further consultation.

Pros and cons of Admiral Markets

Advantages:

• Wide range of trading instruments and account types to choose from

• Flexible maximum leverage options

• Multiple payment methods available with varying fees

• Comprehensive educational resources for traders of all levels

• Customized customer service for different regions and languages

• Access to various trading platforms including MT4, MT5, and Webtrader

• A variety of trading tools and features such as negative balance protection and free VPS

Disadvantages:

• Limited availability in some regions and countries

• Commission and fee structures can be complex and vary by payment method and account type

• Limited promotions or bonuses offered for new or existing clients

• Some account types may require a minimum deposit that could be prohibitive for some traders

• Limited customer support availability on weekends

What type of broker is Admiral Markets？

Advantages	Disadvantages
Admiral Markets offers tight spreads and fast execution due to its Market Making model.	As a counterparty to its clients' trades, Admiral Markets has a potential conflict of interest that may lead to decisions that are not in the best interest of its clients.

Admiral Markets is a Market Making (MM) broker, which means that it acts as a counterparty to its clients in trading operations. That is, instead of connecting directly to the market, Admiral Markets acts as an intermediary and takes the opposite position to its clients. As such, it can offer faster order execution speed, tighter spreads and greater flexibility in terms of the leverage offered. However, this also means that Admiral Markets has a certain conflict of interest with their clients, as their profits come from the difference between the bid and ask price of assets, which could lead to them making decisions that are not necessarily in the best interests of their clients. It is important for traders to be aware of this dynamic when trading with Admiral Markets or any other MM broker.

General information and regulation of Admiral Markets

Admiral Markets is a global online trading provider offering trading services in various financial instruments, including forex, stocks, commodities, and indices. The company was founded in 2001 and is headquartered in Estonia, with offices in various countries around the world. Admiral Markets is regulated by several financial authorities, including the UK Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC). The company offers a range of trading platforms, account types, and educational resources to its clients.

In the following article, we will analyze the characteristics of this broker in all its dimensions, providing you with easy and well-organized information. If you are interested, read on.

Market instruments

Advantages	Disadvantages
Wide range of instruments available including Forex, Indices, Stocks, Commodities, Bonds, and ETFs	No cryptocurrencies offered
Opportunity to invest in thousands of shares
Over 370 ETF CFDs available, plus hundreds more through Invest.MT5
Ability to trade both cash CFDs and Index Futures for indices

Admiral Markets offers a wide range of trading instruments across several asset classes, including Forex, indices, stocks, commodities, bonds, and ETFs. With over 80 currency pairs available for trading, traders have access to a competitive selection of Forex instruments. The broker also offers the opportunity to invest in thousands of shares, over 370 ETF CFDs, and a selection of commodity CFDs. Additionally, traders can trade both cash CFDs and Index Futures for indices, and US Treasuries and Germany Bund CFDs are available for bond traders. While the selection of currency pairs is not as extensive as some other brokers, Admiral Markets offers a comprehensive range of instruments that can meet the needs of a diverse range of traders.

Spreads and commissions for trading with Admiral Markets

Advantages	Disadvantages
Low spreads on Invest. MT5 and Zero. MT5 accounts	Trade. MT5 and MT4 accounts have higher spreads
No commissions on most instruments for Trade. MT5 and MT4 accounts	Commissions on Zero. MT5 account are relatively high for Forex & Metals
Low commissions on Single Share & ETF CFDs for Trade. MT5 and MT4 accounts	Commissions on Cash Indices and Energies for Zero. MT5 account are relatively high

In terms of spreads, commissions, and other costs, there are some advantages and disadvantages among the different account types offered by the broker. The Invest. MT5 and Zero. MT5 accounts offer the advantage of zero spreads, which can help traders to save on costs. Additionally, the Trade. MT5 and MT4 accounts have low spreads, which are also beneficial for traders. The Trade. MT5 and MT4 accounts also offer low commissions on Single Share & ETF CFDs, which is a plus. However, the commissions on Cash Indices and Energies for the Zero. MT5 account are relatively high, as are the commissions on Forex & Metals for this account type. Additionally, the spreads on Trade. MT5 and MT4 accounts are higher than those on the Invest. MT5 and Zero. MT5 accounts. Overall, traders should consider the spreads, commissions, and other costs when choosing an account type that suits their needs.

Trading accounts available in Admiral Markets

Advantages	Disadvantages
Multiple account types to suit different needs	Limited trading instruments on some account types
Low minimum deposits for most account types	No Islamic account available for Invest.MT5 account
Competitive spreads on some account types	No leverage available for Invest.MT5 account
Commission-free trading on some account types	Higher commissions on Zero.MT5 account
Negative account balance policy on all account types	No Islamic account available on Zero.MT5 account

Admiral Markets offers multiple account types to cater to different traders' needs. The Trade.MT5 account has the most extensive range of trading instruments, including currency pairs, indices, stocks, commodities, ETFs, and bonds, while the Invest.MT5 account focuses on stock and ETF trading with no leverage. The Zero.MT5 and Zero.MT4 accounts offer commission-based trading with low spreads and no commissions, respectively. The accounts' minimum deposits are relatively low, starting at 1 USD for the Invest.MT5 account and 25 USD for the rest. However, some account types have limited trading instruments, and the Zero.MT5 account has higher commissions. Moreover, there are no Islamic accounts available for the Invest.MT5 and Zero.MT5 accounts, while the Invest.MT5 account doesn't offer leverage. Nonetheless, all account types have a negative account balance policy, ensuring traders' maximum loss doesn't exceed their account balance.

Trade. MT5 account:

minimum deposit 25 USD or equivalent

trading instruments: Currency pairs - 80 Metal CFDs - 5 Energy CFDs - 3 Agriculture CFDs - 7 Index Futures CFDs - 24 Commodity Futures - 11 Cash Index CFDs - 19 Stock CFDs - over 3350 ETF CFDs - over 300 Bonds CFDs – 2

leverage 1:500 - 1:10

spreads from 0.5 pips

commissions: Single Share & ETF CFDs - from 0.02 USD per share 4, Other instruments - no commissions

Islamic account: yes

Negative Account Balance Policy: yes

Invest. MT5 account:

minimum deposit 1 USD or equivalent

trading instruments: Stocks - over 4500, ETFs - over 400

leverage: no

spreads from 0.0 pips

commissions: Stocks & ETFs - from 0.02 USD per share

Islamic account: no

Negative Account Balance Policy: no

Zero. MT5 account:

minimum deposit 25 USD or equivalent

trading instruments: Currency pairs – 80, Metal CFDs – 3, Cash Index CFDs – 10, Energy CFDs - 3

leverage 1:500 - 1:10

spreads from 0.0 pips

commissions: Forex & Metals - from 1.8 to 3.0 USD per 1.0 lots 3, Cash Indices - from 0.05 to 3.0 USD per 1.0 lots 3, Energies - 1 USD per 1.0 lots

Islamic account: no

Negative Account Balance Policy: yes

Trade. MT4 account:

minimum deposit 25 USD or equivalent

trading instruments: Currency pairs - 37, Metal CFDs - 4, Energy CFDs - 3, Index Futures CFDs - 3, Cash Index CFDs - 16, Stock CFDs - 230, Bonds CFDs - 2,

leverage 1:500 - 1:10

spreads from 0.5 pips

commissions: Single Share & ETF CFDs - from 0.02 USD per share, Other instruments - no commissions

Islamic account: no

Negative Account Balance Policy: yes

Zero. MT4 account:

minimum deposit 25 USD or equivalent

trading instruments: Currency pairs - 45, Metal CFDs - 3, Cash Index CFDs - 10, Energy CFDs - 3

leverage 1:500 - 1:10

spreads from 0.0 pips

commissions: Forex & Metals - from 1.8 to 3.0 USD per 1.0 lots

Cash Indices - from 0.05 to 3.0 USD per 1.0 lots

Energies - 1 USD per 1.0 lots

Islamic account: no

Negative Account Balance Policy: yes

Trading platform(s) that Admiral Markets offers

Advantages	Disadvantages
MT4 is widely used and has a vast library of customizable indicators and expert advisors	MT4 is a relatively old platform and may not have the latest features of newer platforms
MT5 has advanced features such as more timeframes, pending order types, and hedging capability	MT5 is less widely used and has a smaller community of developers and users
Webtrader is a browser-based platform that is accessible from anywhere with an internet connection	Webtrader may have limited functionality compared to desktop platforms
Webtrader is compatible with multiple operating systems and devices	Webtrader requires a stable and fast internet connection to operate efficiently

Platforms are a crucial dimension to consider when choosing a broker as they provide the interface through which traders can access the financial markets. The available platforms at a broker will determine the functionality, user-friendliness, and compatibility of the trading software used by the traders. The broker offers several platforms including MT4, MT5, and Webtrader.

Maximum leverage of Admiral Markets

Advantages	Disadvantages
Higher potential profits with smaller initial investment	Higher leverage can also increase potential losses
More trading opportunities with access to larger positions	Traders may over-leverage their accounts and increase risk
Flexibility in choosing leverage according to individual risk appetite and trading style	Some traders may be restricted from high leverage due to regulatory requirements or broker policies

Admiral Markets offers a flexible maximum leverage ranging from 1:10 to 1:1000, giving traders the freedom to choose the level of leverage that best suits their trading strategy and risk management preferences. Higher leverage can provide more trading opportunities and potential for higher profits with smaller initial investments, but traders must also be aware of the increased risk of losses that comes with higher leverage. It is important for traders to use leverage responsibly and to understand the potential risks involved. Regulatory requirements and broker policies may also limit the amount of leverage that can be used, so traders should always check their local regulations and broker guidelines before trading with high leverage.

Deposit and Withdrawal: methods and fees

Advantages	Disadvantages
Multiple payment methods available including bank wire, Skrill, Neteller, VISA, MasterCard, cryptocurrencies, and Perfect Money	Fees and commissions vary depending on the payment method used
Free deposits for some payment methods	Withdrawal fees for some payment methods, such as bank wire and VISA/MasterCard after the first free withdrawal request
One free withdrawal request every month for some payment methods	Withdrawal fees can be high for some payment methods, such as bank wire and VISA/MasterCard after the first free withdrawal request
Fast and easy deposits and withdrawals for some payment methods, such as cryptocurrencies and e-wallets	Some payment methods may not be available in certain countries or regions

Admiral Markets offers a range of payment methods for deposits and withdrawals, including bank wire, e-wallets, credit/debit cards, cryptocurrencies, and Perfect Money. While some payment methods have no deposit fees, withdrawal fees and commissions vary depending on the payment method used. Additionally, withdrawal fees can be high for some payment methods, such as bank wire and VISA/MasterCard after the first free withdrawal request. However, some payment methods offer free withdrawals and one free withdrawal request every month. Overall, Admiral Markets provides flexibility and convenience in its payment methods, with the option to choose a method that suits individual preferences and needs.

Educational resources in Admiral Markets

Advantages	Disadvantages
Access to a variety of educational resources	Some educational resources may not be relevant to all traders
Economic calendar helps traders to keep track of significant events in the markets	The information in the educational resources may be overwhelming for novice traders
Video tutorials provide step-by-step guidance on how to use trading platforms and tools	Educational resources can become outdated quickly, requiring frequent updates
Webinars and seminars offer the opportunity to interact with market experts and learn from their experiences	Some educational resources may require payment or a subscription
eBooks provide in-depth knowledge and strategies for traders	It can be time-consuming to go through all of the educational resources available
Real-time charts, market news, and research provide up-to-date information on market conditions	Over-reliance on educational resources may lead to a lack of independent decision-making by traders.

Admiral Markets offers a comprehensive range of educational resources that can benefit traders at all levels of experience. The educational resources provided by Admiral Markets include an economic calendar, market reports, video tutorials, webinars, seminars, eBooks, glossary, real-time charts, and market news and research. The economic calendar is useful for keeping track of significant events in the markets, while video tutorials provide step-by-step guidance on how to use trading platforms and tools. Webinars and seminars offer the opportunity to interact with market experts and learn from their experiences. eBooks provide in-depth knowledge and strategies for traders. Real-time charts, market news, and research provide up-to-date information on market conditions. You can also visit their official YouTube channel to view more videos. However, it is essential to note that over-reliance on educational resources may lead to a lack of independent decision-making by traders.

Customer service of Admiral Markets

Advantages	Disadvantages
Multilingual customer support	Limited support availability hours
Localized customer support	No live chat support available
Phone and email support available	No dedicated support for VIP clients
Regional offices for personal assistance	No social media customer support available

Admiral Markets provides a comprehensive customer care service to its clients worldwide. Customers can contact the company's multilingual customer support through phone or email in their own native language and get personalized assistance. The company also has regional offices to provide customers with personal assistance. However, the support availability hours are limited, and there is no live chat or social media support available. Also, the company does not offer dedicated support for VIP clients.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Admiral Markets is a reputable online trading broker that offers a wide range of financial instruments, platforms, and account types for traders worldwide. With over 19 years of experience in the industry, the company provides a comprehensive set of tools and educational resources to assist traders in making informed investment decisions. The broker's flexible leverage, multiple payment methods, and customized services for various regions are advantages that set it apart from competitors. However, its high commissions on certain account types, limited cryptocurrency offering, and lack of 24/7 customer support may be considered disadvantages. Overall, Admiral Markets is a solid option for traders seeking a well-established and trustworthy broker with extensive offerings and excellent customer service.

Frequently asked questions about Admiral Markets

• Question: What is Admiral Markets？

• Answer: Admiral Markets is a financial services company that provides trading and investing services in various financial markets, including Forex, stocks, indices, commodities, and more.

• Question: Is Admiral Markets a regulated company？

• Answer: Yes, Admiral Markets is a regulated company. It is authorized and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) in the UK, Australia Securities & Investment Commission (ASIC) in Australia and the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC) in Cyprus.

• Question: What trading platforms does Admiral Markets offer？

• Answer: Admiral Markets offers several trading platforms, including MetaTrader 4 (MT4), MetaTrader 5 (MT5), and WebTrader. These platforms are available for desktop, mobile, and web-based trading.

• Question: What is the minimum deposit required to open an account with Admiral Markets？

• Answer: The minimum deposit required to open an account with Admiral Markets varies depending on the type of account and can be as low as 1 USD.

• Question: What instruments can I trade with Admiral Markets？

• Answer: Admiral Markets offers a wide range of trading instruments, including Forex, stocks, indices, commodities, bonds, and ETFs.

• Question: Does Admiral Markets offer any educational resources？

• Answer: Yes, Admiral Markets offers a variety of educational resources, including webinars, video tutorials, eBooks, market analysis, and more, to help traders improve their knowledge and skills.

• Question: What payment methods does Admiral Markets accept？

• Answer: Admiral Markets accepts several payment methods, including bank wire, credit/debit cards, Skrill, Neteller, Perfect Money, and cryptocurrencies. The fees and commissions for each payment method may vary.

Feature	Information
Company Name	Yuanta Securities (Hong Kong) Company Limited
Registered In	Hong Kong
Years of Establishment	15-20 years
Regulated	Yes, by the Securities and Futures Commission
Trading Instruments	HK stocks, SH Stocks, SZ stocks, Taiwan stocks, US stocks, China B stocks, Overseas stocks, Futures, Options
Account Types	Retail & Institutional
Trading Platform	eWinner, eWinner Plus, YSHK SP Trader
Deposit and Withdrawal Method	Local bank, Check, Overseas Transfer
Customer Service	Phone, Email

Overview of Yuanta

Yuanta Securities (Hong Kong) Company Limited (YSHK) is a financial powerhouse in Asia, operating as a wholly-owned subsidiary of Yuanta Financial Holdings Co. Ltd. Registered with the Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong, YSHK offers an array of regulated financial activities. As of 2016, Yuantas robust distribution network included 155 securities branches and 152 banking branches staffed by approximately 13,000 professionals.

These experts deliver a comprehensive suite of financial services to Yuanta's diverse client base. The firm's market presence is considerable; in 2016, it controlled 11% of the securities brokerage market and nearly 20% of the securities margin financing market.

Is Yuanta Legit or a Scam？

Given its longstanding history and comprehensive regulation, Yuanta Securities (Hong Kong) Company Limited appears to be a legitimate and reputable financial services provider. The company is registered with the Securities and Futures Commission and is a Participant of the Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited, further cementing its credibility. In a market where legitimacy is crucial for client trust, YSHKs regulatory affiliations make it a reliable option for retail and institutional investors alike.

Pros and Cons

Pros	Cons
Diverse Product Offering	Fee Structure might be high for some products
Regulated Entity	Complexity might be overwhelming for beginners
Strong Market Presence

Pros:

• Diverse Product Offering: Yuanta offers a wide range of financial services beyond just securities trading, including banking, insurance, and asset management.

• Regulated Entity: Being a licensed corporation, Yuanta operates under strict regulatory oversight, ensuring a high level of trust and security.

• Strong Market Presence: With a significant share in both the securities and financing markets, Yuanta is a dominant player in the industry.

Cons:

• Fee Structure: Depending on the products you engage with, the fees can be on the higher side.

• Complexity: With such a wide range of services and instruments, the platform might be overwhelming for beginner traders.

Market Instruments

Yuanta provides a broad spectrum of market instruments tailored to meet the diverse needs of its retail and institutional clients. Retail clients have access to a multitude of stock options spanning from Hong Kong (HK), Shanghai (SH), Shenzhen (SZ), Taiwan, the United States, and more. They can also engage in trading futures and options. For institutional clients, YSHK acts as an advisory, providing multiple avenues for investment. This makes Yuanta a one-stop-shop for multiple financial instruments, giving clients the ability to diversify their portfolios extensively.

Account Types

Yuanta Securities (Hong Kong) Company Limited, also known as YSHK, requires specific documents for opening both individual and corporate accounts.

For individual accounts, Hong Kong Permanent Residents must provide a certified true copy of their HKID card, while non-permanent residents or non-residents must provide a certified true copy of their valid ID card or passport. All individual account holders also must provide proof of their residential address issued within the last 3 months.

As for corporate accounts, companies need to provide documents including a certified true copy of their Certificate of Incorporation, Business Registration Certificate, Memorandum & Articles of Association, latest audited account or financial statements, Latest Register of Directors, Latest Register of Shareholders, and others.

How to Open an Account？

To open an account with Yuanta Securities (Hong Kong) Company Limited or YSHK, individuals and corporations have to provide respective documents.

Individual account applicants who are Hong Kong Permanent Residents must submit a certified true copy of their HKID card, while Non-Permanent Residents or Non-Residents need to provide a certified true copy of their valid ID Card or passport. All individual applicants need proof of residential address issued within the last 3 months. If these addresses are different from one another, proof for each address is required.

For corporate accounts, various documents are needed including copies of Certificate of Incorporation, Business Registration Certificate, Memorandum & Articles of Association, latest audited account or financial statements, Latest Register of Directors and of Shareholders, and more. Documents proving the identity and residential address of all substantial shareholders, ultimate beneficial owners, and authorized individuals are also required.

For companies incorporated overseas, a certified true copy of a certificate of incumbency is needed, and if the company has complex ownership structures, specific documents tracing the chain of ownership to the ultimate beneficial owners are also necessary.

Leverage

While the specifics regarding leverage can vary based on the market instrument and type of account, Yuanta typically offers leverage to enhance trading capabilities. However, it's crucial to understand that while leverage can amplify profits, it also increases the risk of losses. Yuanta, being a regulated entity, likely offers leverage within the constraints of financial regulations to ensure responsible trading. Always consult with the brokerage or a financial advisor to understand the implications of using leverage in your trading activities.

Spreads & Commissions

Yuanta has a transparent fee structure, which is crucial for traders calculating their potential costs and profits. For instance, for trading in Hong Kong stocks, the commission is set at 0.25% of the traded volume, with a minimum charge of 100 HKD, plus some additional fees. This clear fee structure allows both retail and institutional investors to make informed decisions about trading costs. Before committing, it's wise to compare these fees with other market offerings to determine their competitiveness.

Trading Platform

YSHK provides multiple trading platforms to suit various customer preferences and trading styles. These include eWinner for Windows and PC users, eWinner Plus for iOS and Android devices, and YSHK SP Trader also available across PC, iOS, and Android. These platforms are designed to provide real-time analytics, a wide range of trading tools, and a user-friendly interface. This array of options makes it easy for traders to manage their investments efficiently, whether they are in the office or on the go.

Deposit & Withdrawal

Depositing and withdrawing funds from your YSHK account is a straightforward process. Clients have the flexibility to fund their accounts through local banks, checks, and overseas transfers. This makes it convenient for both local and international clients to manage their funds. The multi-channel deposit and withdrawal options aim to provide a seamless customer experience, reinforcing YSHKs commitment to client satisfaction.

Customer Support

Customer support is a critical aspect of any financial service, and Yuanta Securities (Hong Kong) Company Limited appears to prioritize this. For English-speaking clients, Yuanta offers a dedicated contact number: +852 3555 7878. This hotline is likely staffed by skilled customer service representatives proficient in English, ready to address a wide array of customer concerns and queries.

In addition to the hotline, Yuanta also provides email support for more detailed or document-intensive inquiries. Clients can reach out to HK.Services.brk@yuanta.com for assistance. The availability of email support adds a layer of convenience, as customers can send in their questions or issues without the immediacy or time constraints of a phone call.

Brokers Comparison

Feature	Yuanta	IronFX	OctaFX
Regulated	Yes	Yes	Yes
Market Instruments	Extensive	Wide range	Limited
Account Types	Retail & Institutional	Multiple	Multiple
Leverage	Regulated	High	Moderate
Spreads	Transparent	Competitive	Low
Customer Support	Likely Comprehensive	Multiple languages	Multiple languages

Educational Resources

Yuanta Securities (Hong Kong) Company Limited, commonly referred to as YSHK, provides extensive educational resources as part of its Research & Commentary. These resources impart valuable insights in the industry, featuring a wide range of comprehensive market analysis, in-depth reports, and informative commentary from their expert research team. The materials are designed to assist clients in making well-informed investment decisions, provides traders and investors with key market trends, and keeps them updated about important developments in the financial landscape.

Conclusion

Yuanta Securities (Hong Kong) Company Limited is a well-regulated, diverse, and established financial service provider in Asia. With a broad range of market instruments, transparent fee structures, and versatile trading platforms, it caters to both retail and institutional clients effectively. However, always remember to carry out your due diligence and consult a financial advisor before making investment decisions.

FAQs

Q: What types of trading instruments does Yuanta offer？

A: Yuanta provides a diverse range of trading instruments, including HK stocks, SH Stocks, SZ stocks, Taiwan stocks, US stocks, China B stocks, Overseas stocks, Futures, and Options.

Q: Is Yuanta regulated by any financial authorities？

A: Yes, Yuanta Securities (Hong Kong) Company Limited is regulated by the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong, ensuring a high level of compliance and security for traders.

Q: What platforms are available for trading with Yuanta？

A: Yuanta offers multiple trading platforms, including eWinner, eWinner Plus, and YSHK SP Trader, catering to traders on both desktop and mobile devices.

Q: How can I deposit or withdraw funds from my Yuanta account？

A: Yuanta offers multiple methods for deposit and withdrawal, including transactions through local banks, checks, and overseas transfers, providing flexibility for both local and international traders.

Q: What is the commission structure for trading Hong Kong stocks with Yuanta？

A: The commission for trading HK stocks is 0.25% of the traded volume with a minimum charge of 100 HKD, along with some additional fees.

Q: What types of accounts does Yuanta offer？

A: Yuanta provides both retail and institutional accounts, allowing for a broad spectrum of trading needs and investment strategies to be accommodated.