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Do you want to know which is the better broker between XM and AUS GLOBAL ?
In the table below, you can compare the features of XM , AUS GLOBAL side by side to determine the best fit for your needs.
EURUSD: -0.2
XAUUSD: -0.1
Long: -7.26
Short: 1.04
Long: -44.42
Short: 19.6
EURUSD: -0.2
XAUUSD: -0.9
Long: -0.86
Short: 0.03
Long: -17.11
Short: 2.32
You can determine the reliability and credibility of a broker by checking four factors:
1.Forex broker introduction。
2.Are the transaction costs and expenses of xm, ausforex lower?
3.Which broker is safer?
4.Which broker provides better trading platform?
Based on these four factors, we can compare which is reliable. We have broken down the reasons as follows:
Registered in | Cyprus |
Regulatory status | ASIC, CYSEC, FSA, FSC and DFSA |
Year(s) of incorporation | 10-15 years |
Market instruments | Currency pairs, stocks, commodities, precious metals, energies, indices... |
Minimum initial deposit | $5 |
Maximum leverage | 1:1000 |
Minimum spread | From 0.6 pips |
Trading platform | MT5, MT4, own platform |
Deposit and withdrawal methods | credit or debit card, Paypal, Skrill Moneybookers, Neteller, WebMoney, CashU, GiroPay |
Customer Service | Email/phone number/address/live chat |
Fraud allegations | Not yet |
It is important to note that the information provided in this review may be subject to change due to the constant updating of the company's services and policies. In addition, the date on which this review was generated may also be an important factor to consider, as information may have changed since then. Therefore, readers are advised to always verify updated information directly with the company before making any decision or taking any action. Responsibility for the use of the information provided in this review rests solely with the reader.
In this review, if there is a conflict between the image and the text content, the text content should prevail. However, we recommend that you open the official website for further consultation.
Pros:
Wide variety of financial instruments to operate.
It offers popular platforms such as MT4 and MT5, as well as its own APP.
Demo account available to practice before trading with real money.
It offers educational resources such as market analysis, economic calendars and courses.
24/7 customer service via live chat, email and telephone.
Cons:
The $10,000 minimum deposit for the stock account may be prohibitive for some traders.
Spreads on some accounts may be higher than those offered by other brokers.
Commissions are applied to the share account.
The maximum leverage of 1:1000 may increase risk for inexperienced traders.
Regulation in Cyprus may be less stringent than in other European countries.
Dimension | Advantages | Disadvantages |
Broker Model | XM offers tight spreads and fast execution due to its Market Making model. | As a counterparty to its clients' operations, XM has a potential conflict of interest that can lead to decisions that are not in the best interest of its clients. |
XM is a Market Making (MM) broker, which means that it acts as a counterparty to its clients in trading operations. That is, instead of connecting directly to the market, XM acts as an intermediary and takes the opposite position to its clients. As such, it can offer faster order execution speed, tighter spreads and greater flexibility in terms of offering leverage. However, this also means that XM has a certain conflict of interest with its clients, as their profits come from the difference between the bid and ask price of assets, which could lead to them making decisions that are not necessarily in the best interest of their clients. It is important for traders to be aware of this dynamic when trading with XM or any other MM broker.
Regulation is a key dimension to consider when choosing a forex broker, as it offers some protection to the client in terms of security of funds, transparency and fairness of operations. XM is a Cyprus registered company and regulated by several major regulatory bodies, including ASIC, CYSEC, FSA, FSC and DFSA.
ASIC is the Australian Financial Services Authority and is responsible for regulating the financial sector in Australia. CYSEC is the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission and is the financial regulatory authority in Cyprus. The FSA is the Financial Services Authority of the United Kingdom and regulates the financial sector in the United Kingdom. The FSC is the Financial Services Commission of Mauritius, which regulates the financial sector in Mauritius. The DFSA is the Dubai Financial Services Authority and is the financial regulatory authority in Dubai.
Multi-entity regulation provides greater customer protection, as it means that the broker is subject to multiple sets of regulations and standards. In addition, this can enhance the broker's reputation in the industry.
In summary, XM is a forex broker regulated by several entities, which provides clients with greater protection and transparency in their operations.
XM is a Forex and CFD broker based in Cyprus and regulated by several internationally renowned financial authorities, including ASIC, CYSEC, FSA, FSC and DFSA. It offers a wide variety of financial instruments, including cryptocurrencies, stocks, metals, currency pairs, indices, energies, etc. Clients have access to several trading platforms, including MT4, MT5 and the XM mobile app, and can choose from four different account types. XM also offers a free demo account, educational resources and 24/7 customer support.
In the following article, we will analyze the characteristics of this broker in all its dimensions, offering you easy and well-organized information. If you are interested, read on.
Advantages | Disadvantages |
Wide range of financial instruments to choose from | It can be overwhelming for new or inexperienced traders. |
Traders can diversify their portfolio | Some financial instruments may have limited liquidity |
Opportunities to take advantage of different markets | Traders may need to perform additional analysis of the different markets and their influencing factors. |
Greater flexibility to implement different strategies | Some traders may not be interested in certain financial instruments. |
XM offers its traders a wide variety of over 1000 financial instruments, including cryptocurrencies, stocks, metals, currency pairs, indices, energies and more. This variety allows traders to diversify their portfolios and take advantage of different markets to implement different trading strategies. Traders also have the flexibility to choose from a wide range of financial instruments and select the ones that best suit their trading preferences and objectives. However, for some new or inexperienced traders, the variety of financial instruments can be overwhelming, and some instruments may have limited liquidity, which can make trading them difficult.
Advantages | Disadvantages |
Low Spreads | Spreads can be higher during periods of high volatility |
No commissions charged on the first three accounts | A commission is charged on the share account. |
Highly leveraged accounts | Spreads may vary according to account type and time of day. |
In terms of spreads and commissions, XM offers low spreads on the first three commission-free accounts. However, during periods of high volatility, spreads may be higher. On the equity account, a commission is charged in addition to the spreads. The accounts offer high leverage, which means that investors can trade significantly more money than they have in their account. Spreads can vary by account type and time of day, so investors should keep an eye out for changes. In general, XM offers competitive spreads and account options to suit different investment levels.
Advantages | Disadvantages |
Low minimum deposit accounts | The share account has a high minimum deposit |
Offers account options for different investment levels | A commission is charged on the share account. |
No commissions charged on the first three accounts | There is no leverage in the share account. |
High leverage on the first three accounts | The ultra low account has higher spreads than other accounts. |
XM offers a variety of account types to suit different investment levels. The micro, standard and ultra low accounts have no high minimum deposit and no commissions are charged. The ultra low account has higher spreads than the other accounts, but the goal is to offer even lower spreads than those offered in the micro and standard accounts. The stock account has a minimum deposit of $10,000 and a commission is charged. No leverage is offered on the share account, which means investors must invest the full amount of their trade. In general, XM offers account options for different investment levels.
The XM demo account is an excellent tool for novice traders or those who wish to test new trading strategies without risking their capital. The demo account comes with a virtual trading platform that replicates live trading conditions and can be accessed from any device. Traders can practice their trading skills and familiarize themselves with the financial instruments available at XM without having to risk their money. In addition, the XM demo account has no time restrictions, which means that traders can use it for as long as they need before they start trading with a live account. Overall, the XM demo account is a valuable tool for those who wish to improve their trading skills before getting involved in live trading.
XM, is a broker, which has an account opening with a minimum deposit of $5. The steps for account opening
How can you open an XM Broker account?
Currently, there are numerous online brokers on the market, where you can trade forex, CFDs. Each of them offers a variety of trading accounts, in a simple and fast way, where there are brokers that have an easier registration process. Below are the steps to follow for opening an XM Broker account:
a) Fill in your personal data and address in the online registration form.
b) Usually, you have to choose the leverage, to comply with regulatory bodies, in this broker does not meet the regulatory parameters. So be careful.
c) Upon completion, it is recommended to read, agree and accept the terms and conditions of the contract.
d) Sending documentation, there are brokers that request documentation, in this case, the company does not indicate the requirement of the same.
e) Proof of identity, you must send a scanned document proving your identity, e.g. passport, ID card or driver's license. Must be valid
f) Proof of Address: as to the veracity of the address, a scanned copy of the current utility bill verifying the address must be provided.
g) Make initial deposit: each Broker establishes its minimum deposit, for the opening of the trading account it offers.
h) Upon completion of the registration process, you have access to the client area with the Broker.
Advantages | Disadvantages |
It offers the popular MT4 and MT5 platforms, which are widely used by traders around the world. | XM's proprietary trading platform may have fewer features than MT4 and MT5. |
MT4 and MT5 offer extensive customization possibilities and a wealth of technical indicators and analysis tools. | The learning curve can be steep for beginners using MT4 and MT5. |
The XM mobile app is easy to use and is available for both iOS and Android. | Users may have trouble switching from one platform to another if they are used to a particular one. |
XM offers its clients a selection of trading platforms, including the popular MT4 platform and its successor, MT5. In addition, the company has also developed its own custom trading platform for those looking for something different. Both platforms offer a wide variety of technical indicators, analysis tools and customization possibilities. XM's mobile app is also easy to use and is available on iOS and Android. However, for those who are comfortable with a particular platform, it may be difficult to switch to another platform. Beginners may also find the MT4 and MT5 learning curve steep, although the customization possibilities and variety of analysis tools may make it worth the effort. Overall, XM offers a solid selection of trading platforms to meet the needs of all traders.
XM also offers a series of instructional videos, such as this one from its YouTube channel, on how to open an account using MT4.
Advantages | Disadvantages |
Enables operators to expand their investment capacity | Significantly increases the risk of loss |
Possibility of obtaining higher profits with less capital | Requires greater knowledge and experience of the market |
Allows diversification of the portfolio with larger positions | Lack of proper management can lead to large losses |
Greater flexibility to operate different instruments | Increased exposure to the risk of market fluctuations |
Leverage is an important tool in Forex trading that allows traders to have greater exposure to the market with limited capital. At XM, the maximum leverage offered is 1:1000, which means that for every $1 of capital, the trader can control up to $1000 in the market. This can be attractive to traders looking to maximize their profits with less capital.
However, it is also important to note that high leverage carries a higher risk of loss. If the market moves against the trader's position, losses can be significant. That is why it is important for traders to have proper risk management and understand the risks associated with trading with leverage before trading XM.
In XM deposits and withdrawals are made from the user's site, and is functional on mobile devices can use mobile trading.
There are brokers that accept bank transfers and credit or debit card payments. Some brokers offer greater facilities by implementing the possibility of payment through electronic means of payment such as Paypal, Skrill Moneybookers, Neteller, WebMoney, CashU, GiroPay, etc.
Advantages | Disadvantages |
Wide variety of educational resources, including market analysis, economic calendars, signals and online courses. | Not all educational resources are available in all languages. |
Offers trading tools and videos to help traders improve their skills. | The quality of educational resources may vary depending on the trader's level of experience. |
Offers regular webinars and online seminars. | Some educational resources may not be up to date with the latest market developments. |
XM strives to provide a wide variety of educational resources to help their clients improve their trading skills. They offer a wide range of tools and resources, such as market analysis, economic calendars, signals and online courses. In addition, XM regularly offers webinars and online seminars, which are an excellent way to learn from experienced traders and gain a better understanding of the markets. However, not all educational resources are available in all languages and the quality of educational resources may vary depending on the trader's level of experience. In addition, some educational resources may not be up to date with the latest developments in the markets, so traders should be careful in selecting the resources they use. Overall, XM makes a solid effort to provide a variety of useful educational resources for its clients.
Advantages | Disadvantages |
Live chat available 24/7 | No toll-free number |
Multilingual customer service | |
Registered address provided on the website | No estimated response time is mentioned |
E-mail available for inquiries | No fax support |
International phone numbers available | No callback service available |
XM excels in its customer service by providing a live chat available 24 hours a day, which means that customers can get real-time help at any time. In addition, XM's website offers the company's registered address, which provides greater transparency and confidence to the customer. Multi-language customer support is also a significant advantage for international customers. In addition, XM provides an international e-mail address and phone numbers for support inquiries. However, a disadvantage is the lack of a toll-free number, as well as the lack of social media and fax support. In addition, there is no mention of an estimated response time for support inquiries and no callback service is offered.
Overall, XM is a well-regulated and secure company that offers a wide range of financial instruments and a good variety of accounts. Its focus on customer education and 24/7 multilingual support is also a big plus. Disadvantages include floating spreads that can be higher than the competition and the lack of a proprietary trading platform. Overall, XM is a good choice for those looking for a regulated broker with a wide range of products and customer support services.
Question: Is XM a regulated company?
Answer: Yes, XM is regulated by multiple agencies such as ASIC, CYSEC, FSA, FSC and DFSA.
Question: What are the account types offered by XM?
Answer: XM offers four account types: micro account, standard account, ultra low account and share account.
Question: What is the minimum deposit required to open an XM account?
Answer: The minimum deposit required for the first three accounts (micro account, standard account and ultra low account) is $5, while for the share account it is $10,000.
Question: What trading platforms does XM offer?
Answer: XM offers the most popular trading platforms in the industry: MT4 and MT5, as well as its own mobile application.
Question: What is the maximum leverage offered by XM?
Answer: The maximum leverage offered by XM is 1:1000.
Question: Does XM offer a demo account?
Answer: Yes, XM offers a demo account for clients to practice without risking their own money.
Question: What educational resources does XM offer?
Answer: XM offers a wide range of educational resources such as market analysis, economic calendars, trading signals, tools, videos, courses and webinars.
General Information
AUS GLOBAL Review Summary in 10 Points | |
Founded | 2003 |
Registered Country/Region | United Kingdom |
Regulation | CYSEC |
Market Instruments | US & EU Stocks, Forex, Precious Metals, Futures, Stock Indices, and Cryptocurrency |
Demo Account | Available (30 days) |
Leverage | 1:500 |
EUR/USD Spread | 0.9 pips |
Trading Platforms | MT4, MT5, cTrader |
Minimum deposit | $50 |
Customer Support | 24/7 live chat, phone, email |
AUS GLOBAL is the internet brokerage brand of AUS Group, with offices in Cyprus, London, Dubai, Turkey, Seychelles, Mauritius, Thailand, Malaysia, Vanuatu, Melbourne, Vancouver and Wellington. It is a forex and CFD broker regulated by the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CySEC),offering online trading services to retail and institutional clients worldwide. The broker provides a range of trading instruments, including forex, stocks, indices, commodities, and cryptocurrencies, as well as various trading platforms such as MT4, MT5, and cTrader.
The broker also offers multiple account types with competitive trading conditions, such as low spreads, high leverage, and fast execution speeds. Additionally, AUS GLOBAL provides various trading tools, educational resources, and customer support services to help clients improve their trading experience.
AUS Global is a No Dealing Desk platform (NDD) that transmits client orders to electronic trading centers on central clearing markets, where automated matching systems instantly reconcile trades to ensure that each client order is executed fairly.
In the following article, we will analyze the characteristics of this broker from various aspects, providing you with simple and organized information. If you are interested, please read on. At the end of the article, we will also briefly make a conclusion so that you can understand the broker's characteristics at a glance.
AUS GLOBAL appears to be a reputable broker with a strong regulatory framework, offering a wide range of trading instruments and account types. The broker's customer service seems to be responsive and available through multiple channels, including social media platforms.
However, some users have reported issues with scams and severe slippage, and it may be a drawback for infrequent traders. Overall, prospective clients should carefully consider the pros and cons before choosing to trade with AUS GLOBAL.
Pros | Cons |
• Regulated by CYSEC | • Some reports of scams and slippage |
• Offers professional insurance and client fund segregation | • No info on commissions |
• Supports MT4, MT5, cTrader | • Deposit fees for some payment methods |
• Wide range of trading instruments | |
• Multiple account types with low minimum deposits | |
• Leverage up to 1:500 | |
• Multiple trading platforms and tools | |
• Various payment methods with no withdrawal fees | |
• Responsive customer service available 24/7 |
There are many alternative brokers to AUS GLOBAL depending on the specific needs and preferences of the trader. Some popular options include:
Tickmill - With competitive spreads, a range of trading platforms, and a variety of account types, Tickmill is a good option for both novice and experienced traders.
XTB - With a user-friendly trading platform, a wide range of trading instruments, and strong regulation, XTB is a reliable broker for traders of all levels.
FxPrimus - With strong regulation, a range of account types, and competitive trading conditions, FxPrimus is a good choice for traders seeking a trustworthy and experienced broker.
Ultimately, the best broker for an individual trader will depend on their specific trading style, preferences, and needs.
Regulation by a reputable authority such as the Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CYSEC) and the purchase of professional insurance are both positive indications of a broker's safety. The segregation of client funds and partnerships with leading banks also provide additional protection for clients' funds. The implementation of SSL encryption is another positive aspect that ensures secure data transmission.
However, reports of scams and severe slippage from some users should not be ignored and must be investigated further. It is recommended to exercise caution and do thorough research before investing with AUS GLOBAL or any broker.
Market Instruments
AUS GLOBAL offers a wide range of trading instruments, including over 10,000 products, such as US and EU stocks, forex, precious metals, futures, stock indices, and cryptocurrency. This variety allows traders to diversify their portfolios and take advantage of multiple markets with a single account.
AUS GLOBAL provides a range of live account types to suit different trading needs and experience levels, STP, ECN, CLASSIC and VIP, with a relatively low minimum deposit requirement of $50 for the STP and ECN accounts. The Classic and VIP accounts are designed for more experienced and active traders, with higher minimum deposit requirements of $2,000 and $10,000 respectively.
The free demo accounts offered by AUS GLOBAL are a great way for traders to practice and test their trading strategies without risking real money. It is worth noting that these demo accounts are valid for 30 days from the date of registration, and the validity period will be renewed as long as the client logs into the demo account within 30 days.
The leverage offered by AUS GLOBAL ranges from 1:1 to 1:500, depending on the trading product and account type. Different instruments have different margin requirements and leverage limits, so it's important to check the specific requirements for each trade before opening a position.
AUS GLOBAL offers competitive spreads, especially for its ECN account type with a 0.2 pip spread on the EUR/USD pair. However, it is unclear whether the broker charges any commission on top of the spread for these account types. The STP and Classic account types have higher spreads of 1.5 and 1.9 pips, respectively, which may not be as attractive to traders seeking lower trading costs.
Overall, AUS GLOBAL's spread offerings seem to be in line with industry standards, but it would be beneficial to have more information about commissions before making a definitive judgment.
Below is a comparison table about spreads and commissions charged by different brokers:
Broker | EUR/USD Spread (in pips) | Commissions |
AUS GLOBAL | 0.2 (ECN), 1.5 (STP), 1.9 (Classic) | N/A |
Tickmill | 0.0 - 0.3 | $2 per lot |
XTB | 0.1 - 0.5 | N/A |
FxPrimus | 0.1 - 1.5 | N/A |
Note: Spreads can vary depending on market conditions and volatility.
AUS GLOBAL supports three of the most popular trading platforms in the industry, which are MT4, MT5, and cTrader, providing traders with multiple options to choose from. The platforms are available on desktop and mobile devices, enabling traders to access their accounts and trade on the go. The trading platforms offer advanced charting tools, technical analysis indicators, and a variety of order types, allowing traders to customize their trading strategies.
See the trading platform comparison table below:
Broker | Trading Platforms |
AUS GLOBAL | MT4, MT5, cTrader |
Tickmill | MT4, MT5, WebTrader |
XTB | xStation, MT4, AgenaTrader |
FxPrimus | MT4, WebTrader |
Note: Some brokers may offer additional trading platforms, but the ones listed above are the primary ones.
AUS GLOBAL provides its clients with several trading tools to enhance their trading experience.
Firstly, the broker offers social trading, which allows clients to follow and copy the trades of experienced traders in real-time. This feature can be especially useful for beginner traders who are still learning how to trade.
Secondly, AUS GLOBAL provides an economic calendar, which lists upcoming economic events and announcements that could affect the markets. This tool enables traders to stay informed and make informed trading decisions.
Finally, AUS GLOBAL also offers PAMM/MAM (Percentage Allocation Management Module) accounts, which allow experienced traders to manage the funds of multiple clients simultaneously. This feature is particularly useful for traders who want to manage larger funds or for investors who want to allocate their funds to experienced traders.
AUS GLOBAL offers various payment options, including local bank transfers, e-wallets, credit cards (Visa/MasterCard), and international wire transfers.
EUR, USD, GBP, CNY, AUD, JPY, NZD, AED, HKD, MYR, THB, VND, PHP, IDR, TRY, USDT and other currencies.
The minimum deposit amount varies depending on the payment method, while the minimum withdrawal amount is $40.
AUS GLOBAL | Most other | |
Minimum Deposit | $50 | $100 |
Deposits via MyPay are subject to around a 4% fee, while other deposit methods are free of charge. There are no withdrawal fees. International wire transfer deposits may take up to 5 working days to process, while other deposits are processed instantly. Most withdrawals can be processed in approximately 1 working day.
See the deposit & withdrawal fee comparison table below:
Broker | Deposit Fee | Withdrawal Fee |
AUS GLOBAL | Free (except MyPay) | Free |
Tickmill | Free | Free |
XTB | Free | Free (over $100) |
FxPrimus | Free | Free |
Note: The fees listed above are subject to change, and may vary depending on the specific account type and payment method used. It is always recommended to check the broker's official website for the most up-to-date fee information.
It is noteworthy that AUS GLOBAL offers multiple channels of customer support, including 24/7 live chat, phone, email, or online messaging. Additionally, the broker provides a Help Center to assist clients with common questions and issues. For those who prefer social media, AUS GLOBAL can also be followed on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.
Overall, AUS GLOBAL's customer service is considered reliable and responsive, with various options available for traders to seek assistance.
Pros | Cons |
• 24/7 live chat | • No physical office location available for in-person support |
• Multi-channel support | |
• Help Center available for self-service support | |
• Active on social media | |
• Customer service representatives are knowledgeable and responsive | |
• Fast response times for most inquiries |
Note: These pros and cons are subjective and may vary depending on the individual's experience with AUS GLOBAL's customer service.
On our website, you can see that some users have reported scams and severe slippage. Please be aware and exercise caution when investing. You can check our platform for information before trading. If you find such fraudulent brokers or have been a victim of one, please let us know in the Exposure section, we would appreciate it and our team of experts will do everything possible to solve the problem for you.
In conclusion, AUS GLOBAL offers a wide range of trading instruments and account types with competitive spreads and leverage of up to 1:500. The broker also supports popular trading platforms such as MT4, MT5, and cTrader, and provides various trading tools. AUS GLOBAL also offers multiple deposit and withdrawal methods with no withdrawal fees.
However, the broker has been reported to have scamming practices and severe slippage by some users. Overall, AUS GLOBAL can be considered as a decent option for traders, but it is important to be aware of the potential risks and to exercise caution when using their services.
Q 1: | Is AUS GLOBAL regulated? |
A 1: | Yes. It is regulated by Cyprus Securities and Exchange Commission (CYSEC). |
Q 2: | Does AUS GLOBAL offer demo accounts? |
A 2: | Yes. It is valid for 30 days from the date of registration of the demo account. The 30-day validity period will be renewed as long as the client logs into the demo account within 30 days. |
Q 3: | Does AUS GLOBAL offer the industry-standard MT4 & MT5? |
A 3: | Yes. It supports MT4, MT5 and cTrader. |
Q 4: | What is the minimum deposit for AUS GLOBAL? |
A 4: | The minimum initial deposit to open an account is $50. |
Q 5: | Is AUS GLOBAL a good broker for beginners? |
A 5: | No. It is not a good choice for beginners. Though it is regulated well and offers demo MT4 and MT5 accounts, there are too many negative reviews from their clients. |
To compare transaction costs across different brokers, our experts analyze the transaction-specific fees (such as spreads) and non-trading fees (such as inactivity fees and payment costs).
To get a comprehensive understanding of how cheap or expensive xm and ausforex are, we first considered common fees for standard accounts. On xm, the average spread for the EUR/USD currency pair is as low as 1 pips, while on ausforex the spread is --.
To determine the safety of our top brokers, our experts will consider many factors. This includes which licenses the broker holds and the credibility of these licenses. We also consider the history of brokers, because long-term brokers are usually more reliable and trustworthy than new brokers.
xm is regulated by ASIC,CYSEC,FSC,DFSA,FSCA. ausforex is regulated by CYSEC,ASIC.
When our experts review brokers, they will open their own accounts and trade through the broker's trading platform. This enables them to comprehensively evaluate the quality, ease of use, and function of the platform.
xm provides trading platform including Micro Account,Standard Account,Ultra Low Spread Standard & Micro Account,Stock Account and trading variety including Major FX pairs, Minor FX pairs, Commodities, Indices CFDs. ausforex provides trading platform including -- and trading variety including --.